Nursing Care Plan Essay

Customer name: Mrs. Chan Age/sex: 48/F Medical determination: Fluid over-burden, diminished TK yield and diminished Hb Assessment date: 25-11-2012 Diagnostic explanation (PES): Excess liquid volume identified with traded off administrative instrument optional to end-stage renal disappointment as proof by fringe edema and patient’s weight picked up from 69.8kg to 73.6kg inside 4 days. Appraisal Nursing Diagnosis Objectives and Expected Outcomes Nursing Interventions Bases Strategies for Evaluation Emotional information: 1. The customer asserted her weight began to pick up rapidly fourteen days before affirmation. 2. The customer detailed of tight and sparkling skin showed up on the appendages and face. 3. The customer griped on diminishing urinary yield fourteen days before confirmation. 4. The customer griped of expanding SOB and orthopnoea Target information: 1. Squeezing thumb for 5s into the limbs’ skin and expelled immediately brought about pitting and reviewed at +1. 2. The client’s weight picked up from 69.8kg to 73.6kg from 25/11/2012 to 29/11/2012. 3. Decreased CAPD yield was noted. 4. Moving bluntness on midsection was noted. Broken wellbeing design: Nourishment and Metabolism Issue: Overabundance liquid volume Etiology:â related to traded off administrative component optional to end-stage renal disappointment Characterizing attributes/ Signs and side effects : 1. Client’s weight picked up from 69.8kg to 73.6kg inside 4 days. 2. Fringe edema evaluated at +1. Objectives: The customer will show diminished edema on fringe. Anticipated results: 1. The customer can recapture liquid equalization as confirm by weight reduction got to by3/12/2012 2. The customer will have the option to verbalize the confined measure of essential dietary like sodium and liquid as recommended by 3/12/2012. 3. The customer will have the option to exhibit 1 strategy to get to edema by 3/12/2012 4. The customer will exhibit 2 technique to help decrease edema by 3/12/2012 1. Continuous appraisals a) Record 24hrs admission and yield balance. b) Weigh at 0600 and 1800 every day 2. Restorative mediations an) Introduce the requirements for low sodium diet and the lower the liquid admission under 800ml b) Apply stockings while resting and check extremitiesâ frequently for sufficient course. c) Advise the customer to hoist her feet when sitting 3. Training for customer and guardians a) Plan ROM practice for all furthest points each 4h b) Teach squeezing thumb for 5s into the skin and evaluating if show up in pitting. c) Educate the sign and disorder of edema. d) Teach to maintain a strategic distance from canned and solidified food and cook without salt and use flavors to include flavor. 1a) Weight customer day by day can screen patterns to assess mediations.( Lewis& Sharon Mantik., 2011) b) Monitor IO talk can decide impact of treatment on kidney work( Lewis& Sharon Mantik., 2011) 2a) High-sodium admission prompts increment water retention(Carpenito, L. J., 2010) b) Compression stockings increment venous return and diminish venous pooling. (Carpenito, L. J., 2010) c) This forestall liquid gathering in the lower limits. (Gulamick and Myers, 2007) 3a) Contracting skeletal muscles increment lymph stream and decrease edema. (Carpenito, L. J., 2010) b&c) Client and parental figure can help screen and control liquid over-burden ( Lewis& Sharon Mantik., 2011) d) Restrict the sodium admission can diminish the sentiment of ache to drink water. ( Gulamick and Myers, 2007) 1. Continue keeping an eye on the difference in client’s weight. 2. Evaluate the client’s edema condition each day by squeezing. 3. Request that the customer exhibit the strategy for getting to and decreasing edema. 4. Request that the customer record the menu eaten for checking the dietary patterns. 5. Solicit the customer to verbalize conditions from edema.

Analyzing Both Sides of the Conflict Theory Essay

Struggle hypothesis was the main radical criminological hypothesis proposed by the researchers during the 1960s (Barkan, p. 254). It especially examines the job of contentions in class, sexual orientation, and force in the frequencies of violations in a specific culture. It tells that these contentions are the reasons why individuals perpetrate crimes.â This particular idea restricts the perspective on the agreement hypothesis which sees wrongdoing as â€Å"any conduct that abuses criminal law† (Barkan, p. 14). To think about, Conflict hypothesis accepts that a wrongdoing is definitely more unpredictable than the main definition, expecting that individuals don't have similar qualities, convictions, and attitudes. Along these lines, the contention hypothesis gets one of the speculations that are pertinent for bigger logical conditions. Truth be told, the hypothesis envelops a wide scope of territories which makes it separated into sub-classifications, for example, radical criminology, peacemaking criminology, radical woman's rights, and left authenticity. (Greek, 2005). These minoritiesâ€the poor, Blacks, Hispanics, to name a fewâ€are being given concentration and significance through the hypothesis. Marx and Engels determined that equity isn't feasible and is unreasonably being regulated to the minorities. Through the contention hypothesis, a clarification on why minorities engage with wrongdoings is given. The hypothesis clarifies that laws against violations are made not for the enthusiasm of everybody except just for themselves. Laws are made to serve the enthusiasm of the ground-breaking who realizes that their illicit acts of neglect can possibly get lawful if the laws will be made dependent on their requirements.  This made clash hypothesis sounds increasingly practical with accord hypothesis. It has ready to depict the issue with power battles as a wellspring of wrongdoing thought processes that different speculations ignored or missed to see. Nonetheless, defenders of the contention hypothesis likewise got blinded and missed to see a portion of the reactions with respect to the contention. As a matter of first importance, it is said that the contention hypothesis is excessively summed up and accepting with its conversation on the execution of laws in social orders. Laws associated with the anticipation of road wrongdoings, for example, burglary and murder don't really fill the need of the amazing and ignores the less ground-breaking minorities. Truth be told, such sorts of laws are coordinated to serve the security of everybody, and not only a little level of the individuals. The hypothesis appears to overlook that in spite of the fact that individuals are distinctive in certain angles, they still gangs similar qualities and necessities. In this specific circumstance, all individuals need security for their lives. The laws securing people’s lives couldn't be considered as law ensuring just the interests of the individuals who are in power; it is additionally to help others. Notwithstanding this analysis, the hypothesis of contention additionally shows a shaky area regarding naming differences. There has been irregularity in the proof of such holes handling how predominant gatherings utilize the law to help their own advantages. Along these lines, the hypothesis, somehow or another, lose marginally its validity. By the by, the best quality of the hypothesis is its tremendous and radical method of investigating the explanation for wrongdoings in social orders. These wrongdoings are profoundly established in the skins of the individuals who submit them. In spite of the fact that committers of wrongdoing are being treated as humble sort of people, their condition is being ensured by the contention hypothesis. The hypothesis will essentially said that rather than committers, the minorities are casualties of an a lot greater wrongdoing realized by the ground-breaking gatherings to them. The hypothesis, rather than arraigning them, is expecting to reason out their principle motivation behind why they have done such wrongdoings. Strife hypothesis acts like a legal advisor who protects an individual who has substantial purposes for the wrongdoing he submitted. The attorney may need dependable and predictable proof to demonstrate the guiltlessness of his customer, yet, he puts stock in the responsibility of the individual. References Barkan, S.E. (2005). Criminology:â Sociological Understanding.â New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Lobby  Bartos, J.O. Wehr, P.E. also, Paul Wehr. ( 2002). Utilizing Conflict Theory. New York: Cambridge College Press Greek, C.E. Criminological Theory.â November 2005. Recovered on 4 June 2008. http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/conflict.htm Lenski, G.E. (1966). Force and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. McGraw-Hill. Â

Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus

Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus Problems are an inseparable aspect of our lives and business relations. If you want to start a business, you’ll inevitably run into several complex problems, such as:  How do you found a profitable company, how do you make it stand out among the competition, how do you attract more customers, and how do you maintain and boost its reputation? In this article well provide you with a step-by-step guide to problem solving with mind maps, a simple but powerful technique thats already used by millions of entrepreneurs and other professionals across the globe. Problem Solving with Mind Maps a Step-by-Step Guide for Entrepreneurs Einstein nailed the definition of problem solving. He said, “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill.” A confident problem solver understands the problem, defines  its various aspects, generates ideas  and is able to turn those ideas  into a solution. Mind mapping  is a proven method that helps people surpass the initial chaos that occurs in the mind when the problem arises. Visualizing  your goals, problems, ideas and potential action points  in a  mind map can  help you see the bigger picture and make out connections between individual aspects that you might have missed otherwise. Seeing your  whole business model  mapped out like this also  helps  your brain form new ideas through association, and it is those ideas that path the way to the solution of your problem. To  illustrate the effectiveness of problem solving with mind maps, well use a simple example of a young entrepreneur who wants to start their own dog walking business. Following this step-by-step guide, youll be able to  visualize even complex problems and develop actionable solutions for them. Start with the Goals, then Formulate the Problems Remember Einsteins quote? We have to understand the problem before we can think of finding solutions. That’s the step you start with. Step 1: Choose your preferred mind-mapping software and open a blank mind map. Write your business idea in the center of the map and create a branch for your business goals. Create a new topic for each individual goal. The  founder of our dog walking business has two main goals: staying in profit during all seasons  while keeping dog walking rates low in order to stay competitive. Unfortunately, the  distance between pick-up points and dog parks is so great that all dog walkers  will need cars to get around. This in turn creates three major problems: Some employees dont have  driving licenses; there are not enough vehicles for all employees; and having each dog walker drive back and forth between pick-ups and parks will lead to enormous  gas expenses. Step 2: Create a second branch for your problems and write them down individually. Brainstorming  Ideas to Find Solutions Once you have the goals and problems visualized in your  mind map, it will be easier for you to get ideas on possible solutions. Take each problem and simply write down whatever solution comes to your mind. Don’t worry if some of your ideas are far fetched or even impossible the goal is to get your creative juices flowing.  Ideas that turn out to be unfeasible can simply be deleted from the map when your brainstorming session is over. Step 3: Take the first problem on your list and start brainstorming possible solutions. Dont censor yourself at first, just write down what comes to mind. Focus on this particular problem only, if you try to solve all problems at once youll simply get overwhelmed. For the  problem “not enough vehicles for all employees”, our entrepreneur soon realizes that there is actually a very simple solution: dog walkers who work in the same area can share a car. He creates a third branch in the mind map for Solutions and draws a line to connect the  problem with its respective  solution. Suddenly, our entrepreneur sees that  this idea will actually help with those big gas expenses too, so he connects it with this problem through another line. And what about the third problem? If employees share cars, only a few of them will need driving licenses, so this is another issue he can check off the list. Three birds, one stone. At this point, our entrepreneur realizes that letting dog walkers use regular cars will not work if multiple people and dogs have to be transported at the same time. To have enough space for everyone, he will need to purchase a few big vans for his business. This is big investment at first, but its one that will pay off in the long run. And with this, he has found his first action point. Lets revisit our goals: By having the dog walkers share vans the entrepreneur is able to keep costs low and thus offer similarly low rates to his customers. In order to build a large customer base and stay in business during all seasons, the entrepreneur can add additional action items such as Create a strong marketing strategy and related points such as  Create social media profiles, Learn how to maintain a successful blog and so on. Step 4: Outline clear action points based on the solutions you have developed. Just like the entrepreneur in this example, you can benefit greatly from creating a mind map to visualize your business and find solutions to whatever problems stand between you and your goals. Extra Tips on Problem Solving with Mind Maps You can share your mind map with your business partners or team members to collaborate on it and brainstorm solutions together. Such virtual brainstorming sessions have been shown to be highly effective compared to traditional, in-person sessions. MindMeister allows you to add due dates to the action points in your mind map, or even turn them into full-fledged tasks. As soon as  youre finished mapping out your business plan, you can export those tasks to a project board and start getting productive. Don’t forget to update the mind map with new ideas, problems, and possible solutions as you make progress with the actions. The best aspect of online mind mapping is its flexibility; you can always add new points and get rid of the ones you no longer need. Remember: every problem has a solution. Life would be so boring without the problem-solving challenges we face every single day. Thanks to mind maps, that aspect of our daily routine becomes much easier. This is a guest post by Laura Jonson. Laura is a creative freelance writer. Her interests are writing, art, self-development and modern technologies. Shes currently working on her own blog. And the world will see it soon. Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus Problems are an inseparable aspect of our lives and business relations. If you want to start a business, you’ll inevitably run into several complex problems, such as:  How do you found a profitable company, how do you make it stand out among the competition, how do you attract more customers, and how do you maintain and boost its reputation? In this article well provide you with a step-by-step guide to problem solving with mind maps, a simple but powerful technique thats already used by millions of entrepreneurs and other professionals across the globe. Problem Solving with Mind Maps a Step-by-Step Guide for Entrepreneurs Einstein nailed the definition of problem solving. He said, “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill.” A confident problem solver understands the problem, defines  its various aspects, generates ideas  and is able to turn those ideas  into a solution. Mind mapping  is a proven method that helps people surpass the initial chaos that occurs in the mind when the problem arises. Visualizing  your goals, problems, ideas and potential action points  in a  mind map can  help you see the bigger picture and make out connections between individual aspects that you might have missed otherwise. Seeing your  whole business model  mapped out like this also  helps  your brain form new ideas through association, and it is those ideas that path the way to the solution of your problem. To  illustrate the effectiveness of problem solving with mind maps, well use a simple example of a young entrepreneur who wants to start their own dog walking business. Following this step-by-step guide, youll be able to  visualize even complex problems and develop actionable solutions for them. Start with the Goals, then Formulate the Problems Remember Einsteins quote? We have to understand the problem before we can think of finding solutions. That’s the step you start with. Step 1: Choose your preferred mind-mapping software and open a blank mind map. Write your business idea in the center of the map and create a branch for your business goals. Create a new topic for each individual goal. The  founder of our dog walking business has two main goals: staying in profit during all seasons  while keeping dog walking rates low in order to stay competitive. Unfortunately, the  distance between pick-up points and dog parks is so great that all dog walkers  will need cars to get around. This in turn creates three major problems: Some employees dont have  driving licenses; there are not enough vehicles for all employees; and having each dog walker drive back and forth between pick-ups and parks will lead to enormous  gas expenses. Step 2: Create a second branch for your problems and write them down individually. Brainstorming  Ideas to Find Solutions Once you have the goals and problems visualized in your  mind map, it will be easier for you to get ideas on possible solutions. Take each problem and simply write down whatever solution comes to your mind. Don’t worry if some of your ideas are far fetched or even impossible the goal is to get your creative juices flowing.  Ideas that turn out to be unfeasible can simply be deleted from the map when your brainstorming session is over. Step 3: Take the first problem on your list and start brainstorming possible solutions. Dont censor yourself at first, just write down what comes to mind. Focus on this particular problem only, if you try to solve all problems at once youll simply get overwhelmed. For the  problem “not enough vehicles for all employees”, our entrepreneur soon realizes that there is actually a very simple solution: dog walkers who work in the same area can share a car. He creates a third branch in the mind map for Solutions and draws a line to connect the  problem with its respective  solution. Suddenly, our entrepreneur sees that  this idea will actually help with those big gas expenses too, so he connects it with this problem through another line. And what about the third problem? If employees share cars, only a few of them will need driving licenses, so this is another issue he can check off the list. Three birds, one stone. At this point, our entrepreneur realizes that letting dog walkers use regular cars will not work if multiple people and dogs have to be transported at the same time. To have enough space for everyone, he will need to purchase a few big vans for his business. This is big investment at first, but its one that will pay off in the long run. And with this, he has found his first action point. Lets revisit our goals: By having the dog walkers share vans the entrepreneur is able to keep costs low and thus offer similarly low rates to his customers. In order to build a large customer base and stay in business during all seasons, the entrepreneur can add additional action items such as Create a strong marketing strategy and related points such as  Create social media profiles, Learn how to maintain a successful blog and so on. Step 4: Outline clear action points based on the solutions you have developed. Just like the entrepreneur in this example, you can benefit greatly from creating a mind map to visualize your business and find solutions to whatever problems stand between you and your goals. Extra Tips on Problem Solving with Mind Maps You can share your mind map with your business partners or team members to collaborate on it and brainstorm solutions together. Such virtual brainstorming sessions have been shown to be highly effective compared to traditional, in-person sessions. MindMeister allows you to add due dates to the action points in your mind map, or even turn them into full-fledged tasks. As soon as  youre finished mapping out your business plan, you can export those tasks to a project board and start getting productive. Don’t forget to update the mind map with new ideas, problems, and possible solutions as you make progress with the actions. The best aspect of online mind mapping is its flexibility; you can always add new points and get rid of the ones you no longer need. Remember: every problem has a solution. Life would be so boring without the problem-solving challenges we face every single day. Thanks to mind maps, that aspect of our daily routine becomes much easier. This is a guest post by Laura Jonson. Laura is a creative freelance writer. Her interests are writing, art, self-development and modern technologies. Shes currently working on her own blog. And the world will see it soon.

Childhood Obesity Is A Common Problem - 1652 Words

Childhood obesity is a medical condition of being overweight or obese. This condition has continued to grow and increase over the past five decades. In the US alone there are more than three million cases per year. For one to be obese it means that the individual is significantly overweight for their age and height. The way to tell if someone is obese or overweight is by a BMI, which stands for body mass index. Being overweight is defined as having a BMI that is at or above the 85th percentile to the 95th percentile for children and teens. Childhood obesity is a common problem in America today and changes need to be done to save the future youth from having these health problems. Childhood obesity has been around for a long time. It has†¦show more content†¦Another reason being lifestyle that is taught to children by their parents. Some blame can be put onto parents if they do not lead their children into an active healthy lifestyle. Many children tend to either live a vigorously active lifestyle or sedentary lifestyle, which is greatly influenced by their parents. A bad habit in diet can also induce the chances of childhood obesity. For example, â€Å"Beverages such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and whole-fat milks are leading sources of added sugars and solid fats, respectively, in the diets of US children and contribute nearly one-fifth of total caloric intake.† (Ford and Popkin, 47-53) This explains how many sugary drinks are incorporated into young children s diets and can be very unhealthy for them. Most children love sugary drinks, but these drinks can have a negative impact on their diet causing them to gain unwanted excess weigh t. One way to help this is by monitoring the amount of sugar a day they consume. For example, â€Å"One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the eating and exercise habits of your entire family.† (Sandhya) This shows how small changes in children s diets and lifestyle could result in many beneficial outcomes for children who suffer from this. Childhood obesity has received many efforts of improvement, but hasn’t had enough results. Many businessesShow MoreRelatedExercise On Childhood Obesity Is Becoming A Common Problem1821 Words   |  8 Pagesof health. The growth of medicine has grown into many dangerous fad diets.Schools should implement more focus on exercise because childhood obesity is becoming a common problem. We can create more focus on exercise by breaking up the exercise up during the school day. Schools should implement more focus on exercise because childhood obesity is becoming a common problem. We can create more focus on exercise by breaking up the exercise up during the school day. 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It has the ability to affect a child in many ways, including physically, mentally, sociologically and psychologically. Childhood obesity is a serious health concern that is partially causes by the careless decisions about food intake, physical activity and lack of parental concerns and knowledge towards a child’s hea lth. According to World Health Organization (WHO) childhood obesity is definedRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. In this study, people will find healthy tips to prevent childhood overweight or obesity to help children in our communitiesRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis: Too Much of a Good Thing1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Los Angeles Times. In his article, Crister uses three common rhetorical strategies, ethos, pathos, and logos, in an attempt to persuade his audience, anyone raising children or interested in childrens health issues, of how prevalent this epidemic has become and provide them with some solutions as to how they can help prevent childhood obesity. Overall, Cristers argument succeeds and his audience walks away convinced that childhood obesity is, in fact, an epidemic that plagues children in t heirRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered what are the major causes of obesity? The CDC (2017) states that one out of every five children in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise. Wilson (2016) states that many children who are obese develop health complications, such as joint, gallbladder, and sleeping problems. The majority of children who are obese as kids tend to be obese as adults. Reason being, many children develop bad eating habits by learning from their surroundings. WhenRead MoreObesity Epidemic Is Growing With Dramatic Magnitude1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Throughout the world, the obesity epidemic is growing with dramatic magnitude. Childhood obesity is no different. In the United States, 36.5% of adults are overweight or obese, 17.0% among U.S. youth.1 Childhood obesity rates have continued to soar over the recent years, along with the health problems resulting from obesity. While there is no question about the rapid increase in overweight or obese children in the United States, the causes and solutions are less transparent. ChildrenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1334 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Factors Related to Obesity in Adolescence Childhood obesity is a worldwide epidemic that has increased dramatically over the past few years. There are many reasons this could be and research shows that as cultures are developing kids are spending more time indoors than being active outside. Technology is becoming so advanced that people are now able to play sports right from the comfort of his or her living room couch. Although these technological advancements are quite outstanding and has

The Economic System Of A Mixed Economy System Essay

Most countries around the world, including Canada, rely on a mixed market economy system in which the allocation of most resources, goods and services is determined by supply and demand through markets and prices. This system has many flaws, including environmental damage, high income inequality both within and between countries, resource depletion and so on. When I think of alternative economic system, I have to go back to the basics of mixed economic system, what actually is and what it does. In every kind of society we have to consider two things; how it produces goods and services and how these goods and services are distributed.one of the flaws of is that it tends to learn more on the governmental control than the freedom of individuals. Sometimes, government regulations may cost company so much that it put it out of market hence paralyzing production features (Tsuruta, 1997). This encourages social democratic programs which retain capitalist’s mode of production. The program also retain fundamental issues of capitalism such as cynical fluctuations, exploitation and alienation. Another government negative is that it decides the amount of tax on products which may lead to hike of the prices of such products hence people unwillingness to buy. Lack of price control management can cause deficiencies in goods hence bringing market imbalance. Social democracy is mostly flawed for maintaining a property-owning capitalist class which actively reverse social democraticShow MoreRelatedFour Different Economic Systems and Which One I Think Best Suits South Africas Mixed Economy1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe three key economic questions has lead to the evolvement of four different economics systems which i will critically analyse in this assignment. Furthermore, i will be critically discussing South Africa as a mixed economy as to why it is characterized as a mixed economy and the suitability of the economic system for the current economic conditions. â€Å"A government is not need to ensure the whole society’s welll-being† Adman Smith. 2.LITERARY REVIEW OF THE FOUR ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 2.1. TraditionalRead MoreMixed Economic Systems760 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic system of a country Identify and evaluate the economic system that Malaysia is adopting. Discuss the rationale of Malaysia’s economic system in terms of utility maximisation and pricing mechanism for distribution of goods and services. An economic system is the combination of the various agencies, and entities that provide the economic structure that defines the social community. Malaysia has adopting mixed economic systems. Mixed economic system is an economy where there is moreRead MoreIntroduction A system is a network of parts which interlock to form an overall pattern. An economic1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A system is a network of parts which interlock to form an overall pattern. An economic system is a pattern of organisation which is aimed at solving the three central questions discussed in the previous sections. Economic systems do not always work well, but they are often so vast and complicated that it is quiet marvellous that they work at all. Mohr Fourie.(2008. P42). Scarcity is the fundamental challenge confronting all individuals and nations. We cannot always get what we wantRead MoreMarket Economy988 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Economics: Principles Practices, one of the disadvantages is â€Å"that it does not provide for the basic needs of everyone in the society.† That is true, but with the assistance from some government services such as Social Security and Medicare, the people will be helped and still remain free to purchase and buy what they want. Another disadvantage that is stated is the possibility of economic failure. The economic could fail if there is not enough competition. In a mixed market economy, the governmentRead MoreMixed Economy vs. Command Economy659 Words   |  3 PagesAn economic system defines how the various entities in an economy interact. People have defined an economic system variously to include government policies, which is very important especially in modern times. Ancient systems were pretty si mple. Trade was done using systems like barter trade which was very straight forward. People only exchanged what they had for what they needed, or wanted. However, in modern monetary economies, the setting is quite intricate. Huge established companies have a lotRead MoreThe Four Main Economic Systems and Their Application in South Africa1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction An economic system is a manner of approach which is used at solving the three main questions which are: What goods and services should be produced and the amount? How much of the scarce resource should be utilised and how will the goods and services will produced? For whom should the diverse goods and services be produced for and where will the production take place? Economic systems don’t always work accordingly but often so vast and complicated but on the contrast its working out justRead MoreEconomic Systems Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Economic systems are organized way in which a state or nation allocates its resources and apportions goods and services in the national community. An economic system is slackly defined as country’s plan for its services, goods produced, and the exact way in which its economic plan is carried out. There are three types of economic systems exist, they are command economy, market economy, and mixed economy. Command economy is also sometimes called planned economy. The expectationsRead MoreEconomic Systems1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Economic systems are organized way in which a state or nation allocates its resources and apportions goods and services in the national community. An economic system is slackly defined as country’s plan for its services, goods produced, and the exact way in which its economic plan is carried out. There are three types of economic systems exist, they are command economy, market economy, and mixed economy. Command economy is also sometimes called planned economy. The expectationsRead MoreEconomic Systems And The Economic System808 Words   |  4 Pagesways to run economies, however, they all fall under four general categories: free market, centrally planned, traditional, and mixed. To better understand why societies must choose one of these systems, we must proceed deeper into detail on how these economies function. The oldest and simplest of the economic systems is the traditional economy. It relies on habit, custom, or ritual to answer the three key economic questions. Due to the unembellished nature of the traditional economy, there is littleRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Traditional Economy1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe economic system, traditional economy, which is the first and the oldest system appears from the ancient age of human beings. The main production is hunting, gathering, fishing, and agriculture. Its characteristics consist of making economic decisions by the guides from experiences of the elders, producing goods for what people need, and the most unique thing is that this system has no currency (Kimberly Amadeo, 2017). So how do merchandises or customers buy something such as bread or meat? The

Regulate Irresponsible Cell Phone Users on the Road Free Essays

The U. S constitution should pass a federal law to ban cell phone use on any moving vehicles. The law should include all 50 states. We will write a custom essay sample on Regulate Irresponsible Cell Phone Users on the Road or any similar topic only for you Order Now We get irritated when we are in certain places such as a library, movie theater or a concert when a person is talking or texting on his/her cell phone. But at least our lives are not in danger of extinction. When we are driving on the streets or the highways, however, drivers using their cell phones behind the wheels are more than irritating. These foolish cell phone users are putting our lives at risk. I have witnessed drivers so distracted by texting, chatting or updating their Facebook profiles that they resemble drunk drivers, merging between lanes or nearly driving into pedestrians in the crosswalks. These motorists are not convincing they are dangerous because the governments are not interfering with their careless behaviors. Only a few states are taking action to fines these drivers who are ignoring these safety warnings. For example, New York was the first state to ban motorists from using their cell phone while driving. In the state of New York, drivers that are found guilty of talking or texting behind the wheel, they will automatic fine a $150 violation fees and penalty of two points under the distracted driving handheld law. Many countries and cities in Europe are banning cell phones while driving and are persecuting drivers who are violating the cell phone laws. Some legislators introduce a number of bills to regulate these foolish drivers; apparently, those bills were rejected because most lawmakers do not think it is required. For example, Gary Biller the president of National Motorist Association (NMA) claimed the laws banning cell phone use while driving is not necessary. According to the NMA, talking and texting while driving are already covered by existing distracted-driving laws. It would be more productive, he said, to invest resources in campaigns that discourage careless driving in general. Mr. Biller quoted that drivers could easily become distracted by other actions such as having a conversation with their passengers, changing the radio stations, eating or applying make-up. Regulations on cell phone use while driving needed, because technologies are advancing, and more people are becoming more obsessed with their cell phone every five minutes in a day. Seemingly, 80% of people who live in the US have a cell phone and more people owning cell phones are expecting to grow in the future due to the arising of Smartphone’s. Drivers who are using their cell phone while driving are becoming more dangerous, and the laws on negligent and distracted driving are not sufficient to punish those offenders. None of us can disagree with that cell phone users on the road have caused traffic deaths and accidents. New studies verify drivers that are texting while behind the wheel, their reactions are the same as drivers behind the wheel intoxicated at the legal blood-alcohol limit. Insurance companies and researchers suggest that using cell phone while driving is dangerous. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that three thousands fatal traffic accidents nationwide that occurred last year were caused by distracted drivers and 70% of those polled were phoning. A survey published by State Farm Insurance, states that using a cell phone while driving delays reaction time the same amount as having a blood alcohol concentration of 0. 08 the legal limit. In 2006, a Utah psychologist did a study and confirms that driving while on the phone is as impaired as drunken driver. By comparing these two types of motorist, here are the psychology results: â€Å"We found that people are as impaired when they drive and talk on a cell phone as they are when they drive intoxicated at the legal blood-alcohol limit† of 0. 8 percent, which is the minimum level that defines illegal drunken driving in most U. S. states, says study co-author Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology. â€Å"If legislators really want to address driver distraction, then they should consider outlawing cell phone use while driving. † The report first gained lawmakers attention, but they later compared it with distracted drivers. Nevertheless, the comparison with d runk driving is very serious and lawmakers should look deeper into creating a federal law to prohibit drivers from using their cell phone while on the road. If past studies have demonstrated that using a cell phone while driving is as risky as driving intoxicated. Therefore, law makers should focus to have every states keep a record on fatal accident involving cell phone, based on the statistics—they should pass a federal law on whether a driver should allow to use cell phone while driving or not. Many researchers report the dangers of driving while on the cell phone. Sadly, some lawmakers argued that the states which create those traffic laws to regulate cell phone while driving use are unnecessary. Harvard Center Risk Analysis performed a research in 2002 on how many fatal accidents were results each year due to cell phones usage while driving on the road. They have calculated 2,600 people die each year in car accident due to using their cell phones while driving. I could use myself as an example; I work for TracFone Wireless which is a prepaid cell phone company—where I release information on customers such as call detail records and subscriber information when served a subpoena by third parties. I have come across subpoenas from the deceased family members where the family’s attorney requests cell usage to compare the time of the collision with the phone records. In addition, one day I received a subpoena from a deceased’s family attorney requesting a call record on one of our customers. Although, I have received numerous requests similar to this one, on this particular request, the attorney was more detailed in the subpoena which gets me more aggravated when I see drivers on their cell phones behind the wheel. He requested the call details record to confirm the time the accident occurred that the accused driver was on the phone. The attorney reports that the customer ran a red light at 50 mph broadsided his client vehicle and killed him instantly. From that day forward, I would think twice before I use my cell phone while driving. Furthermore, in 2010 a British news-paper reported a teenager girl who killed a grandmother while she was reading an incoming text message. The police stated that the victim receive the incoming text seconds before the collision. Since mobile phones are becoming more technology advancing which are creating obsessions among many young adults. Legislators should pass a federal law on a national level to restrict use of cell phones while behind the wheel. Moreover, cell phone use on moving vehicles should be enforcing as a primary law in all the 50 states. It will make more sense if the law is not legislated in a state level. As of November 2, 2012, only 10 states restrict motorists from using their cell phones, and 32 states banned school bus drivers from using cell phones behind the wheel. Because researchers and scientist have made public awareness and confirm the dangers of using cell phones while driving. Legislators should focus on drafting a nationwide federal law to enforce hands-free cell phones on all motorists while behind the wheels. It is not fair; the law to ban cell phones is only made available on a few states. If cell phone uses on any moving vehicle are regulating, people will feel safer on the road and it will eliminating unnecessary car accidents. The time has come for the federal governments to adopt legislation to ban the use of cell phone while driving. How to cite Regulate Irresponsible Cell Phone Users on the Road, Essay examples

On the Natural Law

Summa Theologica provides critical insights into the field of natural law. Developed by Thomas Aquinas, these propositions form potential considerations on the history and evolution of the natural society. It is vital to note that most of these insights remain highly debatable. Empirical investigations and analysis of the various presentations outlined in the Summa Theologica are appropriate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On the Natural Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is also crucial to indicate the disparities that exist within these beliefs. Generally, different personalities hold distinct convictions and perceptions concerning the philosophical argument. Therefore, this paper discusses the concept of summa Theologica. Apart from this, it provides the views and opinions of the individual on the subject. Summa Theologica highlights critical issues. Foremost, law is perceived and defined as the fundamental measure. It can also be regarded as a rule with the society. In this aspect, the natural law helps to standardize and measure various domains within the society. On the other hand, it may also be controlled, measured and evaluated. Personally, I agree with this opinion and philosophical insight on the natural law. The fundamental principle of the natural law is that it is self-regulating and sustaining. This indication helps to establish a state of balance and general welfare within the larger community. It must also be indicated that this concept extends to the overall universe. Nonetheless, community and personality involvement is important. It helps in sustaining the state of ambience and welfare. Summa Theologica recognizes the significance of the existence of divine providence. I agree with the fact that the natural law offers the opportunity for effective regulation and management of the other laws. These are fundamental dynamics in ensuring efficiency of perf ormance. This kind of inclination creates the state of harmony within the entire globe. The Summa Theologica examines the importance of rationality of human race over peaceful coexistence in all the communities. The concept of rationality helps to develop a significant atmosphere for all humans. Perhaps, this argument explains why the human beings are more capable of performing duties in a more responsible manner. The comparison is always done with other life forms on earth. The law emphasizes on the stewardship aspect of all their fellows. It is evident that all human beings must be ready and able to care for one another. This condition remains appropriate and applicable within different societies. Of course, this is regardless of the nature and kind of the society in investigation. The Summa Theologica also outlines the significance of individual care and concern. Moreover, I personally tend to comply with the basic provisions that underlie the fact in ensuring and supporting good life.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this context, the definition of good life depends on several factors. It is evident that such factors are largely drawn from the general environment that surrounds all human being. However, these might also extend towards other ecological concerns that may be of great threat to human safety. Observably, the eternal law may be a direct reflection on the natural law. This helps to govern all impacts related to human relations and social welfare. The natural law helps to differentiate and manage both the good and bad things in the community. Actually, as indicated in the Summa Theologica, this is the greatest benefit that might be derived from any natural law. The fundamental objective is always to keep peace, order and peaceful coexistence in the environment. The light emanating from the natural legal framework helps in several ways. For instan ce, it is the main directing point and principle reference for effective governance. The general knowledge is that natural law helps in the development and proper establishment of the eternal law. Everything culminates into the respect and acclamation of the natural law. This legal framework is also imprinted almost in all the other vital human and societal laws. In this aspect, the level of human rationality dictates and determines the efficiency of all domains within the natural law. Personally, I have come to believe and trust in the role played by the eternity concept. This explains my firm conviction with the appropriate and relevant application of the natural law. The explanation relies within a deep arena filled with the basic values. Several eminent critics oppose the basic underlying issues in the Summa Theologica concept. Scholars from diverse backgrounds and specializations have also analyzed the important concept regarding Summa Theologica. In these critical developments , it is appropriate to examine the disparities. Information sharing is crucial in these initiatives. I have a personal orientation on the idea after undertaking a transformative philosophical analysis into the issue. I am of the conviction that natural law is the most relevant tool for individual assessment and proper examination. Above all, the philosophical conviction is a critical tool in enhancing the total transformation of the society. The global community is the fundamental place for human existence and welfare. It is evident that most of the critics of the regulatory measure elucidate vital concerns. These are crucial since they manipulate entire universe. Natural law is the main controller the universe and its contents. In practical situations, all human beings respect and value the existence of a supernatural power. The attachment of the supernatural power to eternity and holiness is very eminent. This relationship exists and thrives well within all sections of the global society. Therefore, I uphold and trust the significance of Summa Theologica in the whole humanity. The earth is one unit made of creatures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On the Natural Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, all these creatures emerge from diverse domains. There is an observable role played by the natural law in maintaining unity and harmony. Generally, this process and observation applies to all the different domains within the globe. , communities must learn to respect and appreciate the highest power in all their lifetime. This procedure must also be conducted in times of hardship, happiness and even grief. It is already notable that the natural law provides the centre stage for progression of the above-indicated facts in life. Eternity and origin must be respected and regarded during all kinds of situations by man. This fact may not only be applicable to the environment of man alone. It is also suitable for other creatures and rational animals or life forms in the universe. Transition of all life forms usually leads to the emergence of unique beliefs and convictions. These are instrumental facts in the management of the society. The law of nature applies crucial components in ensuring that all the instruments operate. The objective is always to keep social order where applicable. Conclusively, the discourse identifies the crucial issues potentiated by Summa Theologica. Additional investigations may be appropriate for improving knowledge and enhancing rational decision process. This essay on On the Natural Law was written and submitted by user Adriel Boyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty

Pro Death Penalty When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is thrown off. Unless the balance is restored, Society adapts to violence. Only taking the murderer’s life restores the balance and shows that murder is not tolerated and will be punished harshly. A major argument against the death penalty is that race plays a big part in whom and who is not executed. But in fact, statistically more white people have been executed in this country than black people. For the most heinous crimes, the ones in which the death penalty is applied; offenders, whether black or white, deserve the worst punishment the law can give. As a result of the controversy about racism and the death penalty; the Supreme Court has rejected the use of statistical studies, which claim racial bias, as the only reason for overturning a death sentence. Retribution is very important for a victim’s family to have. Although the victim’s family cannot be entirely restored to the way they were before the murder, at least an execution will bring closure to the murderer’s crime. It also ensures that there will be no more victims at the hand of that murderer. Robert Macy, District Attorney of Oklahoma City, described the need for retribution in one example: â€Å"In 1991, a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed.† A person who could do something so malicious should not be lying in some prison, with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable T.V., and endless appeals.† For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die.... Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Pro Death Penalty When someone takes a life, the balance of justice is thrown off. Unless the balance is restored, Society adapts to violence. Only taking the murderer’s life restores the balance and shows that murder is not tolerated and will be punished harshly. A major argument against the death penalty is that race plays a big part in whom and who is not executed. But in fact, statistically more white people have been executed in this country than black people. For the most heinous crimes, the ones in which the death penalty is applied; offenders, whether black or white, deserve the worst punishment the law can give. As a result of the controversy about racism and the death penalty; the Supreme Court has rejected the use of statistical studies, which claim racial bias, as the only reason for overturning a death sentence. Retribution is very important for a victim’s family to have. Although the victim’s family cannot be entirely restored to the way they were before the murder, at least an execution will bring closure to the murderer’s crime. It also ensures that there will be no more victims at the hand of that murderer. Robert Macy, District Attorney of Oklahoma City, described the need for retribution in one example: â€Å"In 1991, a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed.† A person who could do something so malicious should not be lying in some prison, with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable T.V., and endless appeals.† For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die.... Free Essays on Pro Death Penalty Capital punishment has been in effect since the 1600's . However, in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which was unconstitutional according to the Eighth amendment. It was public opinion that the current methods of execution, hanging, electrocution, and facing a firing squad, were too slow and painful upon the person to be executed. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed this decision when a "cleaner" way to bring about death was found in 1976. This "cleaner" way is death by lethal injection, which is quick and painless if administered right (Cole 450). The death penalty is a good form of justice because only about 250 people a year get the death penalty and they are guilty beyond a doubt and don't deserve living with the possibility of parole. The sentencing judge or juries are ordered by the Supreme Court to look for "specific aggravating and mitigating factors in deciding which convicted murderers should be sentenced to death" (Cole 451). Some of these mitigating factors are the defendant's motivation, character, personal history, and most of all remorse (Costanzo). First, this paper will show the expense we can save be execution. Second, is how capital punishment does not deter crime. And third, is capital punishment cruel and unusual? First argument against the death penalty is that it costs less to imprison someone for life than to execute them. This is a good point that has a lot of impact on a lot of people’s views regarding capital punishment since they are the ones footing the bill through taxes. I personally would not mind paying the little bit extra just so I know for sure that there's one less murderer on our planet. If the death penalty was done away with, prisoners who should have been executed will be mixed in with other inmates. It would be possible and not too doubtful for them to kill another inmate or even a prison guard. If someone is lined up for execution...

Biography of Queen Anne, Britains Queen Regnant

Biography of Queen Anne, Britain's Queen Regnant Queen Anne (born Lady Anne of York; February 6, 1655 – August 1, 1714) was the last monarch of Great Britain’s Stuart dynasty. Although her reign was marred by her health problems and she left no Stuart heirs, her era included the union of England and Scotland, as well as international events that helped Britain rise to prominence on the world stage. Fast Facts: Queen Anne Full Name: Anne Stuart, Queen of Great BritainOccupation: Queen regnant of Great BritainBorn: February 6, 1665 at St. Jamess Palace, London, United KingdomDied: August 1, 1714 at Kensington Palace, London, United KingdomKey Accomplishments: Anne confirmed Britain as a power on the world stage and presided over the unification of Scotland with the rest of what is now the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I know my own heart to be entirely English. The Daughter of Yorks Early Years Born on February 6, 1655, Anne Stuart was the second daughter and fourth child of James, Duke of York, and his wife Anne Hyde. James was the brother of the king, Charles II. Although the Duke and Duchess had eight children, only Anne and her older sister Mary survived beyond early childhood. Like many royal children, Anne was sent away from her parents’ household; she grew up in Richmond along with her sister. Despite their parents’ Catholic faith, both girls were raised as Protestants on the orders of Charles II. Annes education was otherwise quite limited – and was probably not helped by her lifelong poor eyesight. However, she did spend time at the French court as a young girl, which influenced her later in her reign. King Charles II had no legitimate children, which meant that Annes father James was his heir presumptive. After Anne Hyde’s death, James remarried, but he and his new wife did not have any children who survived infancy. This left Mary and Anne as his only heirs. In 1677, Annes sister Mary wed their Dutch cousin, William of Orange. The match was arranged by the Earl of Danby, who used the marriage to a Protestant nobleman as a way to curry favor with the king. This was in direct conflict with the Duke of Yorks wishes – he wanted to cultivate a Catholic alliance with France. Marriage and Relationships Soon, Anne also married. After years of rumors as to who she would marry – with her cousin and eventual successor Georg of Hanover as the most prominent candidate – Anne ultimately wed a man supported by her father and and her maternal uncle: Prince George of Denmark. The wedding took place in 1680. The marriage pleased Anne’s family, who hoped for an alliance between England and Denmark to contain the Dutch, but it frustrated William of Orange, her Dutch brother-in-law. Despite an age gap of twelve years, the marriage between George and Anne was reported to be fond, even if George was described by many as deeply boring. Anne became pregnant eighteen times during their marriage, but thirteen of those pregnancies ended in miscarriages and only one child survived infancy. The competition for influence between their husbands continued to strain Anne and Mary’s once-close relationship, but Anne had a close confidante in her childhood friend Sarah Jennings Churchill, later the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah was Anne’s dearest friend and most influential advisor for much of her life. Overthrowing her Father in the Glorious Revolution King Charles II died in 1685, and Annes father, the Duke of York, succeeded him, becoming James II of England and James VII of Scotland. James quickly moved to restore Catholics to positions of power. This was not a popular move, even amongst his own family: Anne vehemently opposed the Catholic Church, despite her father’s attempts to control or convert her. In June 1688, James’ wife, Queen Mary, gave birth to a son, also named James. Anne had resumed closer correspondence with her sister, so she was aware of plans being made to overthrow their father. Although Mary distrusted the Churchills, it was their influence that helped Anne finally decide to join with her sister and brother-in-law as they plotted to invade England. On November 5, 1688, William of Orange landed on English shore. Anne refused to support her father, instead taking the side of her brother-in-law. James fled to France on December 23, and William and Mary were hailed as the new monarchs. Even after years of marriage, William and Mary had no children to inherit the throne. Instead, they declared in 1689 that Anne and her descendants would reign after both of them died, followed by any children William might have if Mary predeceased him and he remarried. Heiress to the Throne Although Anne and Mary were reconciled during the Glorious Revolution, their relationship soured again when William and Mary attempted to deny her several honors and privileges, including housing and her husband’s military status. Anne turned again to Sarah Churchill, but the Churchills were suspected by William of conspiring with the Jacobites (supporters of James II’s infant son). William and Mary dismissed them, but Anne publicly continued to support them, causing a final rift between the sisters. Mary died in 1694, making Anne the heir apparent to William. Anne and William reconciled to a degree. In 1700, Anne suffered a pair of losses: her final pregnancy ended in miscarriage, and her sole surviving child, Prince William, died at age eleven. Because this left the succession in question – Anne was not well, and she was of an age where more children were all but impossible – Parliament created the Act of Settlement: if Anne and William both died childless, the succession would go to the line of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuart line through James I. Becoming Queen Regnant William died on March 8, 1702, and Anne became queen regnant of England. She was the first queen regnant who was married but did not share power with her husband (as her distant relative Mary I did). She was quite popular, emphasizing her English roots in contrast to her Dutch brother-in-law, and became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. Anne was actively involved in affairs of state, although she attempted to sidestep partisan politics. Ironically, her reign saw the gap between the Tories and the Whigs widen even further. The most significant international event of her reign was the War of Spanish Succession, in which England fought alongside Austria and the Dutch Republic against France and Spain. England and its allies supported the (eventually losing) claim of Archduke Charles of Austria to the Spanish throne. Anne supported this war, as did the Whigs, which increased her closeness to their party and distanced her from the Churchills. In Sarah’s place, Anne came to rely on a lady-in-waiting, Abigail Hill, which further alienated her relationship with Sarah. On May 1, 1707, the Acts of Union were ratified, bringing Scotland into the kingdom and establishing the unified entity of Great Britain. Scotland had resisted, insisting on the continuation of the Stuart dynasty even after Anne, and in 1708, her half-brother James attempted the first Jacobite invasion. The invasion never reached land. Final Years, Death, and Legacy Anne’s husband George died in 1708, a loss that devastated the queen. In subsequent years, the Whig government that supported the ongoing War of Spanish Succession grew unpopular, and although the new Tory majority had little interest in continuing to support the claim of Charles (now Holy Roman Emperor), they also wished to halt the ambitions of the French Bourbons. Anne created a dozen new peers in order to get the necessary majority in Parliament to make peace with France in 1711. Anne’s health continued to decline. Although she vehemently supported the Hanoverian succession, rumors persisted that she secretly favored her half-brother. She had a stroke on July 30, 1714, and died two days later on August 1. She was buried beside her husband and children in Westminster Abbey. Because Electress Sophia had died two months prior, Sophia’s son and Anne’s long-ago suitor George of Hanover took the throne. As queen regnant, Anne’s reign was relatively short- less than fifteen years. In that time, however, she proved her worth as a queen who maintained her authority even over her own husband, and she participated in some of the defining political moments of the era. Although her dynasty ended with her death, her actions secured the future of Great Britain. Sources Gregg, Edward. Queen Anne. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.Johnson, Ben â€Å"Queen Anne.† Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Queen-Anne/â€Å"Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.† Encyclopaedia Brittanica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-queen-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland

Carpetright plc financial comparison Coursework

Carpetright plc financial comparison - Coursework Example Mohawk Industries is a company in the US producing floor covering products for commercial and residential applications lines distributed in the United States and Europe. It has a total of 36,200 employees and a recent reported market capitalization of. 1.77billion US dollars. It has total outstanding share of 68.4million US dollars. Carpetright specializes on floor covering and has more than 300 stores all over Great Britain. It is based in United Kingdom, sells and retails a range of carpets, rugs, vinyl and laminates together with associated accessories. Recent addition to their line of business is linoleum and wooden floorings. As of 2007, the company has 3,273 employees. Recent financial figures of Carpetright shows market capitalization of 402.69M, with a total share outstanding of 67.2M The growth rates, price ratios, profit margins, financial condition, investment returns, management efficiency as of 2007 year end and a ten year summary of financial data of these companies will be presented in tables to show relative relation of Carpetright with the others on the same industry. First, we will have the price ratios of the three carpet makers in the market. Price earning ratio gives us the valuation ratio of the company’s current share price compared to it’s per share earning. In this case, current ratio is 6.2 for Carpetright, and for the carpet industry, 7.6, Mohawk has no available figure. With P/E ratio investors expect a higher earning growth compared to a company with lower P/E. Comparing the P/E ratio of Carpetright to the industry on a 5 year level, Carpetright maintains a high P/E. Investors should not base investment decisions on P/E measures alone, as Investopedia says the earnings is based on an accounting measure of earnings that is susceptible to manipulation. Being so, rightful decision should

Early childhood education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early childhood education - Essay Example This "Early childhood education " essay describes the prevailing problems and issues regarding child practitioners and how can early childhood programs support parents in facilitating the healthy, holistic development of their children.The panelists, composed of experts in various fields proposed a four-point plan, namely: (1) strengthening policies, raising and sustaining funding and building appropariate infrastructure; (2) improving education, training and development, improving compensation and providing career opportunities for practitioners; (3) delivering high quality, evidence-based and age-appropriate programs and practices for children; and (4) building strong partnerships with parents.Ontario is struggling with the decrease in number of effective and efficient child practitioners and this greatly affects the quality of education. The following reasons have been identified: ï‚ § Several practitioners do not meet the educational requirements needed to successfully address the demands of the practice and provide high quality early learning and care for children. ï‚ § Fresh graduates of early childhood education courses opt to work in jobs other than in regulated child care. ï‚ § Several practitioners will retire in the next 5 – 10 years and there are not enough new practitioners coming in to replace them. Research has provided evidence that the early years are most crucial in an individual’s development because it is at this time when early learning and experiences determine the quality of the child’s brain structure. ... arly years are most crucial in an individual’s development because it is at this time when early learning and experiences determine the quality of the child’s brain structure, disposition and well-being. Provision of a high quality early childhood program wherein positive, stimulating learning experiences take place contribute to the child’s self-confidence and positive attitude towards learning. These are qualities that lead to greater success in school and throughout one’s life. 4. How can early childhood programs support parents in facilitating the healthy, holistic development of their children? Early childhood programs should be able to accommodate the schedules of parents in planning events that require their presence. They can also extend the children’s time in preschools or day care centers to enable parents to work. Regular communication with parents regarding concerns about their children keeps them updated about their child’s progr ess. Also, early childhood programs provide adequate information to parents about things that can help them in implementing good parenting to their children. Article Review: Heyman, J., Barrera, M. and Earle, A. (2008) The Working Poor: Canada and the World, Policy Options. The article reports the state of child poverty throughout the world, and specifically in some countries of study. It discussed how child poverty is a lingering challenge that policy-makers face and has grown to be a global issue. The article claims that child poverty may be effectively managed if parents can succeed in working while caring for their children without fear of losing their livelihood. 1. How can families rise from poverty? Poverty may be overcome when individuals are given the opportunity to work and earn for a living. When parents’

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical industry

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical industry not only develops but also produces and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies deals in generic and brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs. Initially, The Indian pharmaceutical industry grew at a very slowly from 1947 to 1970, all due to the lack of incentives and the failure of the government which was unable to set-up a concrete regulatory framework. Now, the Industry is characterized by numerous governmental regulations and policy changes, stiff price controls, rigorous controls on formulations, and absence of international patent protection. During 1970, the Indian Patents Act (IPA) and the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) were passed. Though DPCO acted as buffer against pharmaceutical companies making free pricing illegal, it fulfilled the goal of providing quality drugs to the public at reasonable rates. The Introduction of the IPA, which did not recognize product patents but only process patents provided a major thrust to the industry and companies which through the process of reverse-engineering, began to produce bulk drugs and formulations at lower costs. This led to high fragmentation in the industry, due to the emergence of a number of small firms. India Manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and around 60,000 formulations, which are distributed by 5,000,000 chemists all over the country. Indian pharmaceutical Industry is passing through a wave of consolidation, with the objective to strengthen their brand equity and distribution in what is essentially a branded-generics market. In the present, the growth of a domestic pharmaceutical company is critically dependent on its therapeutic presence. The old and mature categories like anti-infective, vitamins, and analgesics are de-growing while; new lifestyle categories like Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System (CNS), Anti-AIDS, Anti-Cancer and Anti Diabetic are expanding at double-digit growth rates. Various Pharmaceutical companies in India Ranbaxy Laboratories It is Indias largest pharmaceutical firm with the returns of Rs 4,198.96 Crore (Rs 41.989 billion) in 2007 Dr. Reddys Laboratories With a turnover of Rs 4,162.25 Crore (Rs 41.622 billion) in 2007, it is second largest drug firm in India by sales. Cipla it generated an annual revenue of Rs 3,763.72 Crore (Rs 37.637 billion) in 2007 and made it the third among largest pharmaceutical firms. Sun Pharmaceuticals Sun pharmaceutical Industries had an overall earnings of Rs 2,463.59 Crore (Rs 24.635 billion) in 2007. Lupin Labs Its total profit of Rs 2,215.52 Crore (Rs 22.155 billion) was in 2007. Aurobindo pharmaceutical Indias sixth largest pharmaceutical company by sales, Aurobindo posted Rs 2,080.19 Crore (Rs 20.801 billion) annual returns in 2007. GlaxoSmithKlineg With 2007 turnover touching Rs 1,773.41 Crore (Rs 17.734 billion, GSK is Indias seventh largest pharmaceutical firm. Cadila Healthcare Cadilas earnings was Rs 1,613.00 Crore (Rs 16.13 billion) in the fiscal year 2007, establishing itself as Indias eight largest drug company. Aventis pharmaceutical With an annual revenue of Rs 983.80 Crore (Rs 9.838 billion) in 2007, Aventis pharmaceutical has made a place for itself in the top ten pharmaceutical companies in India Ipca Laboratories Ipca is Indias 10th largest pharmaceutical company by sales and in 2007 it had a turnover of Rs 980.44 Crore (Rs 9.804 billion PEST ANALYSIS Political Factors There is political uncertainty, Combination of diverse political thoughts have got together to cobble together a rag-tag coalition. Hence any consistent political or economic policy cannot be expected. This muddies the investment field. The Minister in charge of the industry had been threatening to impose even more stringent Price Control on the industry than before. Thus it is throwing many investment plans into the doldrums. DPCO, which is the bible for the industry has in effect worked contrary to the stated objectives. DPCO nullifies the market forces from encouraging competitive pricing of goods dictated by the market. Now the pricing is done by the Government, based on the approved costs irrespective of the real costs. The country goes in for the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) regime which is popularly known as the Patent Act. This Act impacts the Pharmaceutical Industry the most. Thus an Indian company could not escape paying a patent fee to the inventor of a drug by manufacturing it using a different chemical route. Indian companies went against this law and used the reverse-engineering route to invent alternate manufacturing methods. A lot of money was saved this way. This also encouraged competing company to market their versions of the same drug. This means that the impurities and trace elements that were found in different brands of the same substance were different both in qualification as well as in quantum. Therefore many brands of the same medicine were truly different. Here Branding actually meant quality and purer brand actually had pure active ingredients and lesser or less toxic impurities. Product patent regime will now eliminate all this. Patented drug would be manufactured using the same chemical routes and would be manufactured by the inventors or licentiates using the chemicals with same specifications. Hence all the brands with the same active ingredient will not have any difference in purity and impurities. The different brands will have to compete on the basis of non input-related innovations such as packaging, colour, flavours etc. Economic Factors Indians spends a very small proportion of their income on healthcare. This has stunted the demand and therefore the growth of the industry. Per capita income of avg. Indian as low as Rs. 12,890, therefore, spending on the healthcare takes a low priority. An Indian visits a doctor only when there is an emergency. This has led to a flourishing of unqualified doctors and spread of non-standardized medication. The Incidences of Taxes are high. Excise Duty (State Central), Custom Duty, Service Tax, Profession Tax, License Fees, Royalty, Pollution Clearance Tax, Hazardous substance (Storage Handling) license, income tax, Stamp Duty and a host of other levies and charges have to be paid. On an average it amounts to no less than 40-45% of the costs. The number of Registered Medical practitioners is low because of this. Due to which the reach of Pharmaceuticals is affected adversely. There are nearly 5million Medical shops. Also this affects adversely the distribution of medicines and also adds to the distribution costs. India is a high interest rate regime. Therefore the cost of funds is double that in America which adds to the cost of goods. Adequate storage and transportation facilities for special drugs are lacking. Studies had indicated that nearly 60% of the Retail Chemists do not have adequate refrigeration facilities and stored drugs under sub-optimal conditions. Thus affecting the quality of the drugs administered and of course adds to the costs. India has poor roads and railway network. Therefore, the time of transportation is higher. This calls for higher inventory carrying costs and longer delivery time. All this adds to the uncalculated costs. Its only during the last couple of years that good quality highways have been constructed. Socio-cultural Factors Poverty and associated malnutrition dramatically affected the incidence of Malaria and TB, preventable diseases continued to play havoc in India for decades even after they were eradicated in other countries. Poor Sanitation and polluted water sources ended the life of about 1 million children who were under the age of five. In India people preferred using household treatments which handed down for generations for common ailments. The use of magic/ tantrics/ hakims is still prevalent in India. Increasing pollution has added to the healthcare problem. Smoking, drinking and poor oral hygiene is still adding to the healthcare problem. Large joint families transmit communicable disease among the members. Cattle-rearing encourage diseases that are communicated by animals. Early child bearing affects the health standards of women and children. Ignorance of inoculation and vaccination has prevented the eradication of diseases like polio, chicken-pox, small-pox, mumps and measles. Technological Factors Advanced machines have dramatically increased the output and reduced the cost. Computerization has boosted the efficiency of the Pharma Industry. Newer medication, active ingredients are being discovered. In January 2005, the Government of India had more than 10,000 substances for patenting. Ayurveda is now a well recognized science and hence is providing the industry with a cutting edge. Advances in Bio-technology, Stem-cell research have given India a step forward. Humano-Insulin, Hepatitis B vaccines, AIDS drugs and many such molecules have given the industry a pioneering status. Newer drug delivery systems are the innovations of the day. The huge unemployment in India prevents industries from going fully automatic as the Government as well as the Labour Unions voice complains against such establishments. Legal Environment The pharmaceutical industry is now a highly regulated and compliance enforcing industry. As a result of which there are immense legal, regulatory and compliance overheads for the industry to absorb. This tends to restrict its dynamism but in recent years, government has begun to request industry proposals on regulatory overheads to encourage innovation in the face of mounting global challenges from external markets. In Pharmaceutical industry, there is huge PSU segment which is highly inefficient. The Government puts the surpluses generated by efficient units into the price equalization account of inefficient units thus unduly subsidizing them. On a long term basis this has made practically everybody inefficient. Effective the January, 2005 the Government has shifted from charging the Excise Duty on the cost of manufacturing to the MRP thereby making the finished products more costly. Just for a few extra bucks the current government has made many a life saving drugs unaffordable to the poor. The Government provides extra drawbacks to some units located in specified area, providing them with subsidies that are unfair to the rest of the industry, bringing in a skewed development of the industry. As a result , Pharmaceutical units have come up at place unsuitable for a best cost manufacturing activity. S.W.O.T. Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry Strengths Cost of production is low. Large pool of installed capacities Efficient technologies are present for large number of Generics. Huge amount of skilled technical manpower. Increase in liberalization of government policies. Opportunities Aging of the world population. Increasing incomes. Growing attention towards health. New diagnoses and new social diseases. Spreading prophylactic approaches. Saturation point of market is far away. Better therapy approaches. Better delivery systems. Spreading attitude for soft medication (OTC drugs). Spreading use of Generic Drugs. Globalization Easier international trading. New markets are opening. Weakness Fragmentation of installed capacities. Low technology level of Capital Goods of this section. Non-availability of major intermediaries for bulk drugs. Lack of experience to exploit efficiently the new patent regime. Very low key RD. Low share of India in World Pharmaceutical Production (1.2% of world production but having 16.1% of worlds population). Very low level of Biotechnology in India and also for New Drug Discovery Systems. Lack of experience in International Trade. Low level of strategic planning for future and also for technology forecasting. Threats Containment of rising health-care cost. High Cost of discovering new products and fewer discoveries. Stricter registration procedures. High entry cost in newer markets. High cost of sales and marketing. Competition, particularly from generic products. More potential new drugs and more efficient therapies. Switching over form process patent to product patent. To make India a potentially strong pharmaceutical hub following weakness has to be overcome with: Low investments in innovative RD and lack of resources in order to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery and to commercialize molecules on a worldwide basis. Lack of strong linkages between industry and academia. Low medical expenditure and healthcare spend in the country Production of spurious and low quality drugs tarnishes the image of industry at home and abroad. RD efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies hampered by lack of enabling regulatory requirement. Despite of unique strengths like expertise in process chemistry, availability of abundant and high quality talent, and growing hospital infrastructure, the country still accounts for less than 1 percent of the US$ 130 billion in worldwide spending in pharmaceutical research and development. Remedies: CRAMS: Inherent competitive advantages and cost-effective manufacturing capabilities has now become one of the most preferred destinations for Contract Research and Manufacturing Services (CRAMS). India has huge potential to tap the $20 billion CRAMS business that is expected to reach $31 billion by 2010. India has opportunity to grab this business. Pharma multinationals are also exploiting Indias competencies in the field of information technology and its strong and low cost IT skill sets by setting up centres for their global clinical data management functions in India. CRO: Contract able researches also offer significant opportunity to the Indian pharmaceutical industry that is becoming a global RD hot-spot for innovative pharmaceutical companies. The global contract research opportunity was $14 billion in 2006 and was expected to reach $24 billion by 2010. Identifying opportunities enablers. To Map Indian pharmaceutical industry to realize its full potential and to become globally competitive. Addressing global challenges that impact India pharma industry. Global alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions. Government should provide infrastructures for talent research. Providing regulatory protection. Giving financial incentives to encourage innovations research. Encouraging public -private partnership in infrastructure development. Example of overcoming threats and grabbing new opportunities 1. The lack of research and development (RD) productivity, expiring patents, generic competition and high profile product recalls are driving the mergers and acquisition (MA) activity in the sector. The Lots of mergers and acquisitions in the past shows that the Indian pharma industry is all set to take on the global markets. Nicholas Piramal has acquired 17 per cent in Biosyntech, a Canadian pharma packaging company in July 2005. While in June 2005, Torrent acquired Heumann Pharma, a generic drug company that was earlier a part of Pfizer. Matrixs acquisition of the Belgian firm Docpharma was the largest acquisition deal. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries has announced its plan for acquisitions in the US. Indian generic companies are increasingly fighting patent cases on these secondary patents and Resulting in earlier generic entry hence contributing to affordability of drugs in developed countries Indian companies still continues to market and export generic drugs which are off patent. US is the ideal destination for Indian companies. In US alone, major blockbuster drugs are going off patent in next few years. Further it is estimated that generic market can reach US $ 80 billion in coming few years in value terms and Indian companies stand a good chance of tapping a major chunk of this pie. 2. Lupin being among the top three Indian pharmaceutical companies by 2007 and aimed at achieving the US$ 1 billion mark. In order to compete with the foreign players, Indian pharma companies have started strengthening RD activities, entering the global generics market, venturing into contract research and started exploring segments like herbals and ayurveda; while have already established foreign pharma companies established RD centres and clinical trial centres in India to cut drug delivery costs. Lupin too made significant investments in RD, infrastructure, exports, herbal markets and other therapeutic segments to compete effectively with domestic and global pharma majors. According to Lupins top management, As the country switches on to the product regime, radical changes are expected to affect the pharmaceutical sector. A deep-rooted shift in business policy has taken place within the company by placing a strong emphasis on RD to create proprietary intellectual property. The bud get for this activity was stepped up substantially during the year to ensure that the company has a complete portfolio of products to take on the patent regime. 3. The downfall of many companies is due to not changing with the style of marketing. The analysis of Indian companies revealed that their progress is basically from the new products. Cipla has shown a tremendous growth in the market only due to focus on the new product hence they became No. 1 in 2004. Similarly, the Sun Pharmaceuticals have shown a phenomenal growth by adopting same strategy. This has resulted in their occupying 5th position in 2004. The new product success rate is going down because the companies are more interested in introducing new products and generating volume sales and not brand building. There are very few products which could have registered more than 1 Crore sales. The current scenario in the pharmaceutical industry is to launch new product then get some market share and if the response is good, pick up the brand and build the same in subsequent years.This has given dividend to companies like Ranbaxy, Cadila, Cipla, Sun Pharmaceuticals.

In the “Clearances” collection, what is revealed about Seamus Heaney and his relationship with his mother, and his thoughts and feelings about other

One of the most moving and emotional of Heaney's works is his collection of sonnets called ‘Clearances'. These sonnets were written in dedication and memoriam to his mother Margaret Kathleen Heaney, who died in 1984. The eight sonnets are filled with lively, detailed and vivid memories, but the strong and loving relationship between Heaney and his mother is constantly referred to also. Heaney has no difficulty in expressing openly the love felt for his mother, both by him and his family, as we see in the invocation at the beginning of the collection; ‘She taught me what her uncle once taught her'. Here we immediately see how his mother has taught him simple but great life wisdom, how to live and deal with problems in everyday life. This immediately identifies a clear picture of love and devotion towards her son, illuminating right from the beginning their strong mother/son relationship. This life wisdom is reflected again in sonnet 2, whereby she commands him on various rules before entering the house she grew up in; ‘And don't be dropping crumbs. Don't tilt your chair'. This yet again shows the close bond Heaney and his mother share, as she warns him in order to avoid him getting into trouble, showing that she is concerned over his welfare and wants to avoid upsetting him in any way possible. The fact that Heaney remembers this visit to his grandparents so vividly is also an indication of how important his mother and her family background was to him, as he shows a keep interest in all aspects of the visit. Despite this, the true reveal of the close bond shared by both mother and son is seen most apparent in sonnet 3, whereby Heaney describes the activities shared between them on times where it was just the two of them alone. In sonnet 3, he mentions himself and his mother preparing Sunday dinner; ‘I was all hers as we peeled potatoes. They broke the silence, let fall one by one'. The close bond between them is easily spotted here, as peeling potatoes is seen as a feminine image, yet Heaney is eager to help and share quality time with his mother, emphasising the importance she has in his life. The fact that there is silence is also an indication of their loving relationship, as neither feels the need to speak as they are enjoying just being in each other's company. ‘From each other's work would bring us to our senses', this yet again shows the unifying element between the both of them, almost as if they are part of one another, showing how alike they are. The change in mood in the second stanza emphasises Heaney's great pain at the loss of his mother. Yet despite this, they are still united as they were in the first stanza, ‘her breath in mine', once again highlighting the closeness shared between them. The final line in the third sonnet is a clear confirmation of the strength in the bond placed between Heaney and his mother as he feels the closest he has ever felt to her at a time when he should feel most distanced; her death, ‘never closer the whole rest of our lives'. A similar pattern of silence is shown in sonnet 4, where Heaney writes about his mother and how she dealt with her son being very intellectual despite only coming from a loving farming background. In the sonnet, Heaney mentions the silent fear felt by his mother at the thought of people thinking of her as a snob, the fear of thinking that her family will think she's above herself, ‘Fear of affectation made her affect. Inadequacy whenever it came to pronouncing words ‘beyond her'. Bertold Brek'. This shows us the discomfort felt by Heaney's mother by being torn to stay at her family's intellectual level or progress in order to be the same as her son. Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes We gain knowledge from the sonnet that she is slightly more knowledgeable than she decides to show, ‘well-adjusted vocabulary'. The result of her choice here illuminates the close bond between her and Heaney, as Heaney shows respect towards her by ‘governed my tongue in front of her'. He speaks as she would in order to keep to his background and make her feel less uncomfortable, which shows that he thinks about her thoughts and feelings and puts them before his own. Despite this, Heaney's education is affecting them as the ‘grammar which kept us allied and at bay'. This illuminates the problems faced by Heaney and his mother, despite speaking less intellectually for the right reasons, at the same time neither are being true to themselves, and are lying about the real person inside in order to please each other. The devoted bond between Heaney and his mother is illuminated again in sonnet 5. In this sonnet, Heaney talks again about another female activity that he is helping his mother with, helping her to fold sheets that have newly come in off the line. The intimacy between them is revealed once more as their hands ‘end up hand to hand'. This shows yet again the closeness between him and his mother as they are together in such an emotional way by performing such a simple task. There is a slight flaw again in their relationship in this poem however, as we begin to see the differences faced by both Heaney and his mother with Heaney's education seems to overpower his mother, ‘and pulled against her; suggesting that as he grows and becomes more intelligent, it is slowly pushing them away from each other. Sonnet 6 shows a change in Heaney's age, and it becomes clear that he is in his teenage years. Despite the change however, his relationship with his mother seems unaffected. He compares his mother with the book Sons and Lovers. The title of the book immediately shows us the deep love felt for his mother during these years, and their closeness is still confirmed as they kneel ‘elbow to elbow' in the church at Easter time. Heaney sees this as important and shows us that mother and son are both entering a different phase, they are both now devoutly religious. At a time when their views should differ however, Heaney and his mother remain allied, a true indication of the emotionally powerful shared between them. The ultimate reveal of the unconditional love and strength between Heaney and his mother is show in sonnet 7, the sonnet describing the death of his mother. On her deathbed, Heaney, along with other members of his immediate family show his mother the affection she longed for and deserved, ‘he called her good and girl'. Here, Heaney shows the most affection he ever has to his mother, revealing true feelings he has towards her. The fact that Heaney feels a ‘space' after she dies is also a key suggestion to the closeness of their relationship, that the woman he has loved and adored has left him and he feels emptiness, as if nothing can replace her, showing how highly Heaney thought of his mother. ‘It penetrated Clearances that suddenly stood open. High cries were felled and a pure change happened', yet again here, the flawless relationship shared between Heaney and his mother is shown as despite her spirit leaving her body, her ways have been passed on to him, and the use of the word ‘kept' suggests that Heaney will never forget her. The end of this sonnet, with the use of the word ‘felled' links sonnet 7 with sonnet 8, the final in the collection. In it, Heaney talks about the tree that has been removed from the garden in which he lived by new owners. I thought of walking round and round a space', this shows the emptiness felt by Heaney after his mother's death, and the tree is symbolic of the loss of his mother also. The closeness of the relationship between them is reflected in the feelings felt by Heaney after his mother's death, he, like the tree, also feels like he has been cut, both physically and emotionally, ultimately illuminating the desperation he feels now that his mother is not around, emphasising the closeness between them. Despite the focus of Clearances being on the experiences of Heaney and his mother, we are also informed of Heaney's thoughts and feelings towards other members of his family. In the invocation, we are made aware of Heaney's ancestors, including his uncle and other, present day family members who are working on the farm. Heaney shares his fear of being different to his family ‘to face the music'. It is clear that he is different to them, an academic gem, and it is clear that he is of the opinion that his family are being who they are supposed to be, and he believes that he is putting himself in danger by going against family tradition. This shows the respect he feels towards his family, and he takes their feelings into consideration, as he does not want to hurt them emotionally or cause them any unnecessary pain. The next family member we are introduced to is his great-grandmother in the hard times when she married outside the tribe and changed her religion. Heaney doesn't see her actions as anything unacceptable and sees it as an inheritance ‘to dispose of' after his great-grandmother's passing. He is ultimately respectful to his past family members and sees the ‘exonerated stone' as a mark of triumph not embarrassment. He shows great support and respect towards his great-grandmother and is brave enough to speak against what other people think are right, illuminating the support and love felt for his great-grandmother. In sonnet 2, we are introduced briefly to Heaney's grandparents. Yet again, Heaney feels respect towards them and sees their way of life as organised and traditional, a successful way to be. He clearly feels great affection and love towards them as he listens to his mother's imperatives in order not to upset them and make things easier for his mother, ‘to welcome home a bewildered homing daughter'. The final member of Heaney's family that we are introduced to is his father. In sonnet 3, Heaney sees and portrays him as a quiet man, a man who does not speak much, ‘hammer and tong at the prayers for the dying'. There is also a hint that Heaney's father is a man of few emotions, at the suggestion that he is not crying at his wife's bedside. However, in sonnet 7, Heaney sees him in a whole new light. His father describes his mother as ‘good' and ‘girl', and talks about the early days of their courtship, and finally shows her affection by bending down to her ‘propped-up head'. Heaney is overjoyed at this, ‘she could not hear but we were overjoyed', as his father finally feels like he did towards his mother. It is possible that Heaney feels a slight closeness towards his father at this point, that both are united in their grief. He clearly feels love towards his father, and his comforted by the words spoken by him at his mothers deathbed.